An exceptional lifespan represents an extreme phenotype. Modern centenarians are cohort survivors who have delayed onset of age-related diseases and/or resistance to fatal diseases occurring at an earlier age. But if you look at the structure of aging, it turns out to be heterogeneous even among long-lived people. Perhaps the population of the Caucasus has its own characteristics of longevity in terms of lifestyle, genetics, age viability, ecology and geographical location. The topic of this scientific review is as relevant as ever.